The reform is a response to what Berlin sees as increased risks linked ‌to Russia, with the services ⁠seeking the ability to act as well as observe.

The proposed overhaul would rewrite the legal basis for the domestic security agency and foreign ⁠intelligence service and create a single framework for covert operations, especially online.

The interior ministry plan introduces new threat categories that unlock graduated powers, from basic monitoring to "particularly serious" surveillance.

For the ​first time, ​the services would be able to interfere ​with attackers' infrastructure or deliberately spread ‌targeted false information.

In cyberspace, the services could, under strict thresholds, break into attackers' IT systems, copy or delete data, and disable tools used in campaigns by foreign states, including during specific threat situations such as large-scale cyber operations.

The draft also sets new rules for the use of state spyware for online searches and so-called source telecommunications ‌surveillance.

Telecoms, digital platforms, transport operators and financial intermediaries ​would face binding, secret disclosure orders, backed by fines ​of up to €1 million and ​on-site inspections, the draft says.

Rules on the use of confidential informants ‌are spelled out in more detail, with ​exceptions that could allow ​the deployment of people as young as 16 to help uncover the gravest threats.

A new top-level watchdog, the Independent Control Council, would replace the current ​fragmented oversight bodies. It would ‌combine wiretap approval and data-protection control, and must pre-clear the most intrusive ​measures, including long-term undercover deployments and home surveillance.

(Reporting by Markus Wacket, writing ​by Kirsti Knolle, Editing by William Maclean)